【电化学专题】石墨烯基超级电容器电极的今生与未来
Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes – A review
石墨烯基超级电容器电极
Authors: QingqingKe, John Wang
Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 37-54
The graphene-based materials are promising for applications in supercapacitors and other energy storage devices due to the intriguing properties, i.e., highly tunable surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, good chemical stability and excellent mechanical behavior.
石墨烯基材料具有很多有趣的特性，如：可自由调控的表面积，优异的导电性，良好的化学稳定性和优异的机械性能，在超级电容器和其他能量存储装置的应用中极具潜力。
This review summarizes recent development on graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes, based on their macrostructural complexity, i.e., zero-dimensional (0D) (e.g. free-standing graphene dots and particles), one-dimensional (1D) (e.g. fiber-type and yarn-type structures), two-dimensional (2D) (e.g. graphenes and graphene-based nanocomposite films), and three-dimensional (3D) (e.g. graphene foam and hydrogel-based nanocomposites).
本综述总结了石墨烯基的超级电容器电极材料的最新发展，依据它们的宏观维度分类，即零维（0D）（例如单独的石墨烯量子点和颗粒），一维（1D）（例如纤维型和纱线型结构），二维（2D）（例如石墨烯和石墨烯基纳米复合膜）和三维（3D）（例如石墨烯泡沫和水凝胶基纳米复合材料）。
There are extensive and on-going researches on the rationalization of their structures at varying scales and dimensions, development of effective and low cost synthesis techniques, design and architecturing of graphene-based materials, as well as clarification of their electrochemical performance.
关于在不同尺度和尺寸上合理调控尺寸，有效且低成本的合成技术的发展，石墨烯基材料的设计和构造，以及它们的电化学性能的分析，在深入和持续的研究中。
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1. Graphene-based electrode materials with different architectures exhibit varying physical, mechanical and chemical behaviors, therefore affecting their performance in energy storage. Compared to the 0D, 1D and 2D structures, more attention should be paid to further exploring the tunable 3D graphene networks with interconnected porous structure, which can be manipulated for large internal surface area, ion/charge pathways, and avoiding the dead volume and collapse of the overall structures.
具有不同结构的石墨烯基电极材料具有不同的物理，机械和化学行为，因此影响它们在储能性能。 与0D，1D和2D结构相比，应进一步探索具有互连多孔结构的可调节3D石墨烯网络，可以对其内表面积，离子/电荷通路进行调控，避免死体积和整体结构坍塌。
2.The nanocomposites consisting of graphene-based and pseudocapacitive materials, i.e., those graphene/conductive polymers, graphene/metal oxides or hydroxides, are promising for achieving the long awaited requirement of both power density and high energy density. Therefore, there is a need to future explore efforts on the clarification of the nanohybrid structures and the control of the interfacial interaction between graphene and pseudocapacitive materials in order to improve the overall Faradic processes across the interface.
由石墨烯基和赝电容材料组成的纳米复合材料，即石墨烯/导电聚合物，石墨烯/金属氧化物或氢氧化物，有望实现人们对同时具有高功率密度和高能量密度的需求。因此，未来需要探索纳米杂化结构和控制石墨烯与赝电容材料之间的界面相互作用，以改善界面上的整体法拉第过程。
3.The rapid development of flexible electronics requires flexible and deformable energy storage devices. Therefore, future studies focus on the development of mechanical flexibility of graphene-based materials for supercapacitors and other energy storage devices.
柔性电子器件的快速发展需要柔性可变形的能量存储设备。因此，未来的研究重点是开发用于超级电容器和其他储能装置的柔性石墨烯基材料。
4.The multifunctional or self-powered hybrid systems will be of considerable interests for future development. Recent pioneer work on the combination of flexible supercapacitors with other electronic and energy devices (i.e., solar cells, Li-ion batteries, electrochromic devices and nano-generators) were reported. Therefore, the integration of graphene-based supercapacitors with these devices will be of considerable values and a challenge as well.
多功能和自供电混合动力系统是未来的研发热点。最近已有关于将柔性超级电容器与其它电子和能量装置（即太阳能电池，锂离子电池，电致变色装置和纳米发电机）组合的研究工作报道。因此，将石墨烯基超级电容器与这些器件的集成将成为一项即有挑战也有重大价值的工作。
文中部分图片：
石墨烯基超级电容器
Fig. 2. Graphene-based supercapacitors. (a) SEM image of CMG particle, (b) TEM image showing individual graphene sheets extending from the CMG particles, (c) low and high- (inset) magnification SEM images of CMG particles electrode, and (d) schematic of test assembly.
石墨烯基纤维
Fig. 4. Two-ply YSCs and their electrochemical properties. SEM images of cross-sectional (a), and side (b) view of a two-ply YSC. The arrow area in (a) is PVA/H3PO4 electrolyte and inset of (b) shows the schematic illustration of YCS. (c) SEM image of a two-ply YSC knot. (d) Two intact coaxial fibers woven with cotton fibers. (e) Optical macroscopic image of (d). (f) cloth woven by two individual coaxial fibers. (g) supercapacitor device based on the cloth fabricated by two coaxial fibers (denoted as i and ii, respectively). (h) GCD curves of the cloth supercapacitor. (i) Scheme shows the cloth under different deformation. 1 represents initial cloth supercapacitor without bending and 2, 3, 4 show cloth supercapacitor with bending angles of 180° along three directions) [93].
石墨烯基薄膜
Fig. 6. Characterization of liquid electrolyte-mediated CCG film: (a) A photograph showing the flexibility of the film. (b) and (c) SEM images of cross sections of the obtained EM-CCG films containing (b) 78.9 volume percent (vol. %) and (c) 27.2 vol. % of H2SO4, respectively. (d) The relation between the volumetric ratio of incorporated electrolyte and the packing density as well as the estimated inter sheet spacing [102].
多孔石墨烯基水凝胶
Fig. 10. Preparation and characterization of HGH. (a) Photographs of a HGO aqueous dispersion (2 mg/mL) and as-prepared HGH. (b) Photographs of a series of HGHs with different sizes and shapes. (c) Low- and (d) high-magnification SEM images of the interior microstructures of freeze-dried HGH. (e) Specific capacitances versus current densities [132].
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